What condition results from a rapid change in air pressure causing air pressure in hollow spaces of the body to become too high or too low?

Barotrauma is a condition that occurs due to a rapid change in air pressure, which leads to a disparity between the external atmospheric pressure and the pressure within the body's hollow spaces, such as the lungs, sinuses, or inner ears. When pressure changes rapidly, such as during scuba diving or flying, it can cause the pressure to become significantly different in these cavities compared to the surrounding environment.

This imbalance can result in various injuries or damage to tissues as they either expand or contract uncomfortably in response to the pressure change. Symptoms of barotrauma may include pain, dizziness, and potential rupture or perforation of organs like the eardrum or lungs if the pressure changes are extreme.

The other conditions listed do not relate specifically to rapid changes in air pressure in the same way. Decompression sickness, while also related to pressure, involves nitrogen bubbles forming in tissues and blood due to rapid ascent after diving. Heat exhaustion is a result of prolonged exposure to high temperatures and dehydration. A tracheostomy is a medical procedure that involves creating an opening in the neck to facilitate breathing, not associated with air pressure changes.